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Official TranscriptPIB Backgrounder Ramsar Sites in India Safeguarding Wetlands of International Importance Posted On: 25 OCT 2026 9:43AM by PIB Delhi India’s network of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention has expanded nearly fourfold since 2014. It has grown from 26 to 103 designated sites covering over 13.87 lakh hectares. Ranking first in Asia and third globally, these ecosystems...
PIB Backgrounder Ramsar Sites in India Safeguarding Wetlands of International Importance
Posted On: 25 OCT 2026 9:43AM by PIB Delhi India’s network of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention has expanded nearly fourfold since 2014. It has grown from 26 to 103 designated sites covering over 13.87 lakh hectares. Ranking first in Asia and third globally, these ecosystems safeguard biodiversity, buffer floods, recharge groundwater, and sustain livelihoods. Anchored by the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, the Government of India drives scientific and participatory conservation through the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA), Amrit Dharohar, MISHTI, and Mission Sahbhagita to secure long-term ecological resilience.
Ramsar Sites in India — At a Glance As per the Ramsar Convention, "Wetlands are the areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres”. Linking land and water, wetlands store fresh water, recharge groundwater, buffer floods and sustain fisheries and farming. They also shelter migratory birds and rich biodiversity, placing them among the most productive ecosystems on Earth.
Globally, these habitats are protected under the Convention on Wetlands or the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental treaty. It was adopted at Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971 and entered into force in 1975. As on October 2026, it now includes 172 Contracting Parties and over 2,536 designated "Ramsar Sites" worldwide.
India, home to a large number of wetlands, became a Party to the Convention on 1 February 1982. It has steadily expanded its network since then. The country now has 103 Ramsar Sites, a nearly fourfold rise from just 26 sites in 2014. India’s network ranks first in Asia and third in the world in terms of number of sites. Collectively, these sites cover more than 13.87 lakh hectares across 28 States and Union Territories.Understanding Ramsar Sites A Ramsar Site is a wetland designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. These sites are recognised for their ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological or hydrological significance. The Ramsar Convention rests on three pillars.
These are the wise use of all wetlands, the designation and effective management of Ramsar Sites, and international cooperation on wetland conservation.
How a Wetland is Designated In India, the process begins with the State Government or Union Territory Administration identifying a suitable wetland. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change then coordinates approval and forwards the proposal to the Ramsar Secretariat.
Criteria for Designation A wetland must meet at least one of nine criteria to qualify as a Wetland of International Importance. The criteria fall into two groups, covering wetland types and the conservation of biological diversity.Group Criteria A wetland should be considered internationally important
Group A: Wetland types Criterion 1 If it contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region.
Group B: Biological diversity Criteria based on Criterion 2 If it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically species and endangered species or threatened ecological ecological communities. communities Criterion3 If it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region.
Criterion4 If it supports plant and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions.
Specific criteria Criterion5 If it regularly supports 20,000 or more based on waterbirds waterbirds.
Criterion6 If it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird.
Specific criteria Criterion7 If it supports a significant proportion of based on fish indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits and/ or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity.
Criterion8 If it is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stocks, either within the wetland or elsewhere, depend.Group Criteria A wetland should be considered internationally important
Group A: Wetland types Specific criteria Criterion9 If it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a based on other taxa population of one species or subspecies of wetland-dependent non-avian animal species.
Did You Know? A taxon is a group of organisms classified together based on shared characteristics, while taxa is the plural form, referring to multiple groups. For example, flowering plants, such as roses, form a plant taxon, while butterflies belong to an insect taxon. Major taxa in biodiversity include amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
Benefits of Designating Wetlands to Ramsar List Designating wetlands to the Ramsar list and meeting Ramsar Convention commitments is a contribution to global efforts for biodiversity conservation. Ramsar Sites are recognized as being of significant value not only for a country but for humanity as a whole.
Designating Ramsar Sites and ensuring their conservation and wise use:
Provides a platform for international representation: Enables countries to voice their concerns at the principal intergovernmental forum on wetland conservation and wise use. At the Ramsar 15th Conference of Parties held at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, India introduced a Resolution on ‘Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for the Wise Use of Wetlands’. The resolution was adopted at the Conference. The resolution received overwhelming support from the 172 Ramsar Contracting Parties, Six International Organisation Partners, and other observers.
Enhances visibility and recognition: Increases the international visibility and recognition of Ramsar Sites. This can strengthen support for their conservation and wise use.
Provides access to international standards and guidance: Offers access to the latest information on internationally accepted standards for identifying wetlands of international importance. It also provides guidance on wise use and wetland management planning.
Facilitates expert assistance: Enables access to expert advice on national and site-specific wetland conservation and management challenges. Support is available through the Ramsar Secretariat, its collaborators, and Ramsar Advisory Missions, where appropriate.
Promotes international cooperation and financial support: Encourages cooperation on wetland conservation and management. It can also facilitate project support through the Convention’s small-grant programmes and links with multilateral and bilateral funding agencies.Commitments After Designation Designation commits the State or Union Territory to the wise use of the wetland and its resources. The site is deemed notified under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, and also the guidelines recommend to be formally notified under these rules with an Integrated Management Plan. The Ramsar Information Sheet must be updated every six years, and the site’s ecological character monitored regularly.
Guided by these criteria and commitments, India has built a large and remarkably diverse network of Ramsar Sites.
India’s Ramsar Sites — From 26 to 103 India’s Ramsar Sites span high-altitude lakes, river floodplains, mangroves, coral reefs, village tanks and urban marshes. Tamil Nadu has the highest number with 20 sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 14 sites. Growth has been rapid, and in 2025 alone, 11 wetlands were added, taking the national total to 96. Surha Tal in Uttar Pradesh became the 100th site in June 2026, and Glaw Lake the 101st in August. India’s Ramsar site tally has reached 103 on October 15, 2026, with the designation of Sukhna Wetland in Chandigarh and Sauj Jheel in Uttar Pradesh as the latest additions to the list.Did You Know? The First Ramsar Sites Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan became India’s first Ramsar Sites on 1 October 1981. After successful ecological restoration, Chilika was removed from the Montreux Record in 2002. Chilika Development Authority later won the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award.
What is Montreux Record: It is a register of Ramsar Sites where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur. It identifies wetlands requiring priority conservation attention and guides monitoring, remedial action and resource allocation. Sites are included in consultation with the concerned country and relevant scientific experts. Sites may be removed from the record once successful remedial measures are documented or when the threat of ecological change no longer exists.India’s latest additions to Ramsar Sites Sukhna Wetland (Chandigarh) is a human-made reservoir created in 1958 at the foothills of the Shivalik hills. It shelters threatened species such as Pallas's fish eagle, the common pochard and the black pond turtle. Migratory birds on the Central Asian Flyway rely on it for feeding and wintering.
Sauj Jheel (UP) is a shallow floodplain lake in Mainpuri district that regularly hosts more than 30,000 waterbirds. It provides nesting and foraging grounds for threatened birds such as the sarus crane and the greater spotted eagle. Its sacred lotus and wild sugarcane beds offer cover for nesting birds, fish and amphibians.
State-wise List of Ramsar Sites The table below lists all 103 Ramsar Sites by State and Union Territory, with their key conservation value.
State/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
1. Andhra Kolleru Lake Freshwater lake; grey pelican and Pradesh migratory waterbirds
2. Arunachal Glaw Lake Eastern Himalayan Lake; 150+ tree Pradesh and 49 orchid speciesState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
3. Assam Deepor Beel Brahmaputra floodplain wetland; migratory waterbirds
4. Bihar Kanwar Jheel (Kabartal) Floodplain wetland; migratory waterbirds and fish
5. Nagi Bird Sanctuary Human-made reservoir; wintering waterbirds
6. Nakti Bird Sanctuary Human-made reservoir; wintering waterbirds
7. Gokul Jalashay Ganga oxbow lake; birds, fisheries and flood buffering
8. Udaipur Jheel Oxbow lake; wintering migratory birds
9. Gogabil Lake Oxbow lake; resident and migratory birds
10. Chandigarh Sukhna Wetland Rain-fed, peri-urban reservoir; migratory and resident birds
11. Chhattisgarh Kopra Jalashay Reservoir; resident and migratory waterbirds
12. Goa Nanda Lake Freshwater marsh; wintering waterbirdsState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
13. Gujarat Nalsarovar Natural freshwater lake; sarus crane and waterbirds
14. Wadhvana Wetland Irrigation reservoir; wintering migratory birds
15. Thol Lake Wildlife Human-made reservoir; waterbirds Sanctuary including sarus crane
16. Khijadia Wildlife Coastal freshwater and salt marsh Sanctuary wetland near Gulf of Kutch; diverse birds
17. Chhari Dhand Seasonal desert wetland near Banni; cranes and flamingos
18. Haryana Sultanpur National Park Resident and migratory waterbirds
19. Bhindawas Wildlife Human-made freshwater wetland;
Sanctuary migratory birds
20. Himachal Pong Dam Lake Beas reservoir; wintering Pradesh waterbirds
21. Chandertal Wetland High-altitude lake; snow leopard habitat
22. Renuka Wetland Spring-fed lake; aquatic and forest biodiversity
23. Jharkhand Udhwa Lake Bird Twin Ganga-linked lakes; migratory Sanctuary and resident waterbirds
24. Karnataka Ranganathittu Bird Kaveri islets; nesting waterbirds Sanctuary and mugger crocodile
25. Aghanashini Estuary Estuary and mangroves; fisheries
26. Magadi Kere Human-made tank; wintering bar- Conservation Reserve headed goose
27. Ankasamudra Bird Village irrigation tank; nesting Conservation Reserve waterbirdsState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
28. Kerala Ashtamudi Wetland Estuarine backwaters; fisheries and mangroves
29. Sasthamkotta Lake Spring-fed freshwater lake; drinking water source
30. Vembanad-Kol Wetland Largest brackish wetland on the southwest coast
31. Madhya Bhoj Wetlands Upper and Lower Lakes of Bhopal;
Pradesh water supply and birds
32. Sirpur Wetland Human-made wetland in Indore; migratory birds
33. Sakhya Sagar Reservoir in Madhav National Park; mugger crocodile
34. Yashwant Sagar Reservoir near Indore; sarus crane and water supply
35. Tawa Reservoir Reservoir in Satpura Tiger Reserve; aquatic and bird life
36. Maharashtra NandurMadhameshwar Bird sanctuary; migratory waterbirds
37. Lonar Lake Meteorite impact crater lake; saline-alkaline ecosystem
38. Thane Creek Mangroves; flamingos and migratory birds
39. Manipur Loktak Lake Floating phumdis; habitat of the Sangai deer
40. Mizoram Pala Wetland Largest natural wetland of Mizoram; hoolock gibbonState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
41. Odisha Chilika Lake Brackish lagoon; Irrawaddy dolphin, waterbirds and 118 fish species
42. Bhitarkanika Mangroves Mangroves; saltwater crocodile and olive ridley turtle
43. Satkosia Gorge Mahanadi river gorge; gharial and mugger crocodile
44. Tampara Lake Freshwater lake; fish and waterbirds
45. Hirakud Reservoir Large reservoir; fish and waterbirds
46. Ansupa Lake Mahanadi oxbow lake; birds and fish
47. Punjab Harike Lake River confluence reservoir; migratory waterbirds
48. Kanjli Lake Barrage-formed wetland on Kali Bein; waterbirds
49. Ropar Lake Sutlej barrage reservoir; waterbirds
50. Beas Conservation River stretch; Indus River dolphin Reserve and gharial
51. Keshopur-Miani Community-managed wetland;
Community Reserve waterbirds
52. Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary Shivalik foothill reservoir; waterbirdsState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
53. Rajasthan Keoladeo National Park Waterbirds; historic wintering ground of Siberian crane
54. Sambhar Lake Large inland saline lake; flamingos
55. Menar Wetland Complex Community-protected village wetlands; migratory birds
56. Khichan Wetland Wintering demoiselle cranes; community conservation
57. Siliserh Lake Reservoir near Alwar; wetland biodiversity
58. Sikkim Khecheopalri Wetland Sacred Himalayan Lake with peatland and forestState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
59. Tamil Nadu Point Calimere Wildlife Coastal wetland; flamingos and and Bird Sanctuary migratory shorebirds
60. Koonthankulam Bird Largest waterbird breeding reserve Sanctuary in South India
61. Chitrangudi Bird Breeding and wintering ground for Sanctuary waterbirds
62. Karikili Bird Sanctuary Breeding waterbirds
63. Pichavaram Mangrove One of India’s largest mangroves; fish nursery
64. Pallikaranai Marsh Urban marsh; flood buffer and Reserve Forest birds
65. Gulf of Mannar Marine Coral reefs and dugong Biosphere Reserve
66. Vembannur Wetland Human-made irrigation tank;
Complex waterbirds
67. Vellode Bird Sanctuary Waterbirds
68. Udhayamarthandapuram Migratory waterbirds Bird Sanctuary
69. Vedanthangal Bird One of India’s oldest bird-protected Sanctuary areas; heronry
70. SuchindramTheroor Irrigation tanks; migratory birds Wetland Complex
71. Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary Wintering waterbirds
72. Kanjirankulam Bird Nesting herons and painted storks Sanctuary
73. Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary Large inland freshwater lake; nesting waterbirdsState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
74. Longwood Shola Reserve Nilgiris shola forest; endemic birds Forest
75. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary Brackish coastal lake; migratory birds
76. Nanjarayan Bird Lake; resident and migratory birds Sanctuary
77. Sakkarakottai Bird Migratory waterbirds Sanctuary
78. Therthangal Bird Nesting waterbirds Sanctuary
79. Tripura Rudrasagar Lake Reservoir lake; fish and three- striped roof turtleState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
80. Uttar Upper Ganga River Gangetic dolphin, gharial and Pradesh (Brijghat to Narora) turtles
81. Nawabganj Bird Migratory waterbirds Sanctuary
82. Sarsai Nawar Jheel Sarus crane habitat
83. Sandi Bird Sanctuary Freshwater marsh; waterfowl and sarus crane
84. Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Waterbirds
85. Parvati Arga Bird Twin oxbow lakes; waterbirds and Sanctuary vultures
86. Saman Bird Sanctuary Oxbow lake; wintering waterbirds
87. Sur Sarovar Human-made reservoir near Agra; waterbirds
88. Haiderpur Wetland Ganga floodplain; gharial, swamp deer and waterbirds
89. Bakhira Wildlife Largest natural floodplain wetland Sanctuary of eastern UP
90. Patna Bird Sanctuary Waterbirds
91. Shekha Jheel Bird Wintering bar-headed geese and Sanctuary painted storks
92. Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Rich avifauna; migratory and Sanctuary (Surha Tal) resident birds
93. Sauj Jheel Shallow, perennial floodplain wetland; migratory and resident waterbirds
94. Uttarakhand Asan Conservation Asan-Yamuna confluence;
Reserve migratory waterbirdsState/UT Ramsar Site What is special about it
95. West Bengal East Kolkata Wetlands Wastewater-fed fisheries and agriculture
96. Sundarban Wetland Mangroves; Royal Bengal tiger
97. Jammu and Wular Lake Large freshwater lake; fisheries Kashmir (UT)
98. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Twin freshwater lakes
99. Hokera Wetland Reedbeds; white-eyed pochard
100. Hygam Wetland Flood absorption basin; waterbirds Conservation Reserve
101. Shallbugh Wetland Waterbirds Conservation Reserve
102. Ladakh (UT) Tsomoriri High-altitude lake; black-necked crane and bar-headed goose
103. Tso Kar Wetland Complex High-altitude lakes; black-necked crane breeding Did You Know? The Largest Ramsar Site Sundarban Wetland in West Bengal, designated on 30 January 2019, is India’s largest Ramsar Site at 4,23,000 hectares. It holds over 60 per cent of India’s mangrove area and a tiger population with unique aquatic hunting skills.
How Ramsar Sites Aid in ConservationRamsar status brings global recognition, scientific guidance and access to expert advice for designated wetlands. It also places clear duties on States to protect each site’s ecological character through planning and monitoring.
Restoring Ecosystems: Chilika Lake shows how sustained restoration can revive a wetland and the communities that depend on it. Today, the lagoon supports 118 fish species and serves as a breeding, wintering and staging ground for waterbirds.
Sustaining Livelihoods: The East Kolkata Wetlands treat the city’s wastewater naturally through about 4,000 hectares of fish ponds. They yield about 10,500 tonnes of fish a year and directly support about 50,000 people.
Building Climate Resilience: The Sundarban mangroves shield inland areas from storms, cyclones, tidal surges and saltwater intrusion. They also serve as nurseries for fish and shellfish, sustaining fisheries along India’s entire eastern coast.
Reviving Threatened Species: The Beas Conservation Reserve in Punjab holds India's only known population of the endangered Indus River dolphin. A reintroduction programme launched in 2017 released 47 gharials, nearly three decades after they vanished from the river. The 185-kilometre river stretch also supports more than 500 bird species and over 90 fish species.
Community Stewardship: Khichan Wetland in Rajasthan hosts more than 22,000 wintering demoiselle cranes each year on just 54 hectares. Residents of the adjoining village actively protect the birds from power line collisions and stray dog attacks.
Government Initiatives for Wetland Conservation India’s Ramsar network is backed by a strong framework of laws, schemes and people’s participation.
Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 Notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, these Rules provide the regulatory framework for wetland conservation. They establish State/UT Wetlands Authorities and prohibit activities such as encroachment, waste dumping and untreated effluent discharge.
National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) NPCA merged the national programmes for lake and wetland conservation into one scheme. Updated NPCA Guidelines issued in 2024 give States an integrated and scientific framework for managing wetlands.
Amrit Dharohar Amrit Dharohar promotes the unique conservation values of India’s Ramsar Sites. It covers species and habitat conservation, nature tourism, wetland livelihoods and wetland carbon assessment. Under this, studies for the inventory of flora and fauna of 75 Ramsar Sites have been conducted by the Botanical Survey of India and the Zoological Survey of India, respectively. A ‘Standard Operating Procedure for Assessment of Carbon Stock in Wetlands’ was released, and has been utilised to assess the Carbon stock of 39 Ramsar Sites across the country.Mission Sahbhagita and the Save Wetlands Campaign Mission Sahbhagita promotes participatory conservation; its Save Wetlands Campaign began in Goa on 4 February 2023. Over 2 million citizen volunteers have since helped map more than 1.7 lakh wetlands across the country.
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) MISHTI targets mangrove restoration over 540 square kilometres in nine States and four UTs. So far, ₹88.44 crore has been released to restore 9,949.5 hectares of degraded mangroves.
Wetlands of India Portal Inaugurated on 2 October 2021, the portal serves as a dynamic knowledge repository on India’s wetlands. It offers single-point access to information on sites, projects, initiatives and training for managers and citizens.
Wetland City Accreditation Indore and Udaipur became India’s first Ramsar-accredited Wetland Cities in January 2025, joining the global network of Ramsar-accredited Wetland Cities.
Way Forward India’s expanding Ramsar network offers an opportunity to strengthen wetland conservation through science, effective management and community participation. The focus ahead must be on translating international recognition into lasting ecological outcomes. Regular monitoring, evidence-based planning and coordination among governments, institutions and local communities can help maintain the ecological character of these wetlands. Sustained efforts will be essential to ensure that wetlands continue to support biodiversity, water security, climate resilience and livelihoods for future generations.
Equally important is the need to integrate wetland conservation into wider development planning. Strengthening local stewardship, improving data and knowledge sharing, and promoting sustainable livelihood opportunities can deepen conservation efforts. By combining ecological priorities with the needs of communities, India can build a more inclusive and resilient approach to wetland management, ensuring these ecosystems remain productive and protected over the long term.
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